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10 Smartphone seed With the Best Battery Life

Flagship smartphones from a variety of vendors offer many attractive features and applications. Featured mobile phones such as Samsung's, Apple, LG, Sony, HTC and Huawei also scramble market share in various parts of the world.


But all the cool features and applications on these devices will not mean anything if it is not supported by qualified battery. Therefore, now many are pinning smartphone battery with great power so that it can last longer.


Of the many flagship smartphones that are currently available (until May 2015). There are some smartphones that have the best ability after a battery test using a benchmark.

Here are 10 featured smartphone with the best battery life is:

  1. Motorola Droid Turbo lasted for 14 hours 42 minutes
  2. Sony Xperia Z3 last for 9 hours 29 minutes
  3. Samsung Galaxy Note 4 last for 8 hours 42 minutes
  4. Xiaomi MI4 last for 8 hours 32 minutes
  5. Google Nexus 6 last for 7 hours and 53 minutes
  6. Samsung Galaxy S6 lasted 7 hours 14 minutes
  7. Huawei P8 survive for 7 hours 12 minutes
  8. iPhone 6 Plus last for 6 hours 32 minutes
  9. HTC One M9 lasted 6 hours 25 minutes
  10. LG G4 last for 6 hours 6 minutes

Meanwhile for refill time is the best smartphone:


  1. Samsung Galaxy S6 refill for 78 minutes
  2. Samsung Galaxy Note 4 refills for 95 minutes
  3. Google Nexus 6 refills for 98 minutes
  4. HTC One M9 Rechargeable for 106 minutes
  5. Xiaomi MI4 refill for 126 minutes
  6. Motorola Droid Turbo refill for 126 minutes
  7. LG G4 Rechargeable for 127 minutes
  8. iPhone 6 Plus refill for 171 minutes
  9. Huawei rechargeable P8 for 180 minutes
  10. Sony Xperia Z3 refill for 235 minutes

10 The World's Best Electronics Brand

In a world full of such competition, the competition between companies to gain the largest market share, corporate reputation plays an important role in keeping can survive and dominate the market. One important aspect that reinforces it is a brand.
Of the many well-known electronic brands in the world, ordinary people would know some famous brands such as Apple, Samsung, IBM, and Microsoft. But in fact any company that controls the electronics brand in the world today.


Here are 10 of the best electronics brands in the world:

  1. Samsung. Established in 1969 with main offices Suwon, South Korea. Samsung is one of the best selling brands in the world including mobile phones, laptops, 3D technology TV series and many other electronic products. The company has received high income especially in making TVs, game consoles and of course mobile phones.
  2. Apple. Established on April 1, 1976, with its main office in Cupertino, California, USA. A company that has revolutionized the mobile industry with its flagship model also designs consumer electronics, software, and personal computers. Apple became the best brand and is known by the world community because of series Mac, iPhone and of course the iPad, Apple is one of the largest companies in the information technology world.
  3. Dell. Founded on February 1, 1984, its main office in Round Rock, Texas, United States. Dell is an industry leading technology that develops, sells, repairs and supports computers and related products and services. This company is one of the largest technology companies in the world, employing more than 103,300 people worldwide.
  4. Panasonic. Founded on March 13, 1918 Main Office Kadoma, Osaka, Japan. Panasonic provides a wide range of products and services, including air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines, compressors, lighting, televisions, personal computers, cell phones, audio equipment, cameras, broadcasting equipment, projectors, automotive electronics, aircraft in-flight entertainment systems, semiconductors, batteries , electrical components, optical devices, bicycles and other electronic goods.
  5. Toshiba. Established in 1938 with its main office in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Toshiba offers a wide range of products and services that include information and communication technology, electronic components and materials, power systems, consumer electronics, household appliances, medical equipment, office equipment, lighting and logistics and other lan-which is constantly updated.
  6. J & R Electronics. Established in 1971 with its main office in New York City, New York. J & R stands for Joe and Rachelle Friedman, the founder of the company. They started selling LPs to eventually include J & R Music World and J & R Computer World, which sells everything from Blu-ray Disc player to the latest electronic gadgets.
  7. Microsoft. Established on 4 April 1975 its main office is Washington Headquarters. The company specializes in the development of computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, operating systems and other applications. Microsoft became famous with MS-DOS that was developed in the mid-1980s, the brand now offers a wide variety of device form Xbox game preformance.
  8. BrandsMart USA. Established in 1977 with its main office in Miami, Florida USA. BrandsMart is an online store that offers a variety of items including hardware such as tablets, projectors, netbook, and note pad.
  9. Phillips. Established on May 15, 1891 with its main office in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The company's main division actually focus in Health, Consumer Lifestyle and Lighting (Lighting). It is one of the largest electronics companies in the world and employs about 122,000 people in more than 60 countries.
  10. Sony. Established on May 7, 1946 with headquarters in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Sony is a leading pioneer in the entertainment sector and financial services. This company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for consumer and professional markets. Sony is ranked 105th in the 2014 Fortune Global 500 list.

Warning !! Whitish could Causes of Death and Infertility

Whitish problem is a problem that has long been an issue for women. Not many women who know what it is whitish and sometimes underestimate the problem of vaginal discharge in women. Though vaginal discharge can not be taken lightly, as a result of this whiteness can be very fatal if slow handled. Not only can lead to infertility and pregnancy outside the womb, vaginal discharge can also be an early symptom of cancer of the cervix, which can lead to death. What exactly is that whiteness? Like what characteristics? And how to prevent it?According to dr. Sugi Suhandi, specialist Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Mitra Kemayoran Jakarta, vaginal discharge (flour albus) is the excess fluid that comes out of the vagina. Whitish can be physiological (under normal circumstances), but can also be pathological (due to illness). And whitish no boundaries of age. No matter how old a woman, could be exposed to whitish.


Whitish physiological usually occurs in the fertile period, also before and after menstruation. "Sometimes there was an excessive mucus, it's normal. And usually not itchy and does not smell, "said dr. Sugi. Meanwhile, if pathological vaginal discharge, vaginal discharge that occurs is due to infection of the vagina, the presence of a foreign body in the vagina or due to malignancy. Infection can be as a result of bacteria, fungi or protozoa. The characteristics of pathological vaginal discharge, color is not like mucus. "Whitish pathological usually, the color of cream, green or yellowish, or even mixed with blood, that whiteness has become a disease," said dr. Sugi. When the whiteness has become a disease, pathological vaginal discharge yangmenderita woman will feel itching in the vaginal area, and smelling mucus, causing an uncomfortable feeling.Many things that actually make women prone to pathological vaginal discharge. Usually these pathological cause of vaginal discharge due to germs. "In actual vagina is not a sterile environment. Various kinds of bacteria there. Normal flora in the vagina to help keep the acidity of the vaginal pH, the optimal state. vaginal pH should be between 3.5 to 5.5. normal flora can be disrupted. For example, due to the use of antiseptics in the vagina area. This imbalance results in the growth of fungi and other germs. Whereas the presence of the normal flora needed to suppress the other plants not to thrive. If the acidity of the vagina changes, other germs will easily grow so that the result can be an infection that eventually causes whitish, the smell, itching, and cause discomfort, "said dr. Sugi that afternoon was encountered in the RS Mitra Kemayoran.
Once a woman doing a conjugal relationship, then the woman opened once against germs that come from outside. Therefore whiteness can be obtained from venereal disease causing organisms that may be carried by the female partner. "So you should not substitute for the pair. Or better abstain until marriage. Because usually in women who have never had a relationship, and hygienenya well, rarely subject to pathological vaginal discharge. And be careful, pathological vaginal discharge can also be due to the process of malignancy. One sign of cervical cancer is, the existence of a foul-smelling vaginal discharge even bloody, "said dr. Sugi. "In women who have conjugal intercourse, vaginal discharge may also occur. But the cause of vaginal discharge can occur due to use shared panties, wearing a towel together, the lack of hygiene vaginal area, and also cebok wrong way, "said dr. Sugi.
Use antiseptic soap is now widely advertised, for the vaginal area, is actually not a problem when applied externally. Flushing the vagina (douchi) with antiseptics should be on the basis of indications when exposed whitish, should a doctor, rather than cope alone with drugs antiseptic that is inserted into the vagina whitish pathology should be treated in accordance with the cause, "said dr. Sugi.
Whitish should be treated early, so symptoms. Because whiteness when it is chronic and lasts a long time will be more difficult to treat. In addition, if the discharge is left to creep into the uterine cavity and then kesaluran ovaries and to the ovaries and eventually into the pelvic cavity. Not infrequently women who suffer from chronic vaginal discharge (years) could be infertile can even result in death. "Affects death because it can result in a pregnancy outside the womb. Ectopic pregnancy, bleeding, resulting in the death of the mother, "said dr. Sugi. In addition to beware, whiteness is the initial symptom of cervical cancer. So do not be late to know what the cause of vaginal discharge. Which certainly do not underestimate the whiteness. So that you do not regret it in the back of the day, as a result of vaginal discharge caused by this disease.
To note that this is about vaginal discharge:

    
How to correct vaginal rinse, after exhausted after defecation or urination, you should rinse the vagina from front to back in the direction of the anus.
    
Whitish physiological (normal), characteristics, such as mucus clear mucus, not itchy and odorless.
    
Whitish pathological (due to illness), characteristics, color mucus is not clear anymore but white like cream, yellow to greenish or brownish, even reddish because of the blood. Usually accompanied by itching, and there was an odor that accompanies it.
Pathological causes of vaginal discharge (For Disease):

    
That causes infection by bacteria, fungi, or protozoa
    
Cervical cancer malignancy
    
Foreign body in the vagina (eg, condoms left)
How to prevent vaginal discharge:

    
Maintain cleanliness of the vaginal area
    
Rinsing the vagina in the right way
    
Do not like exchange-exchange panties used panties along with other female friends
    
Do not use the same towel (like exchange-exchange towels)
    
More careful - careful in using a public toilet facilities
    
Live a healthy lifestyle, getting enough sleep, exercise regularly, eat a balanced diet with nutrition
    
Avoid mutually exchange partner in touch
    
For women who are already doing a conjugal relationship, each year have to do a pap smear to detect the temperament of the cells in the mouth and cervix.

Whitish In Women - Types, Causes and Prevention

Problems whiteness is a classic problem in most women. Ironically, most women do not know about vaginal discharge and cause of vaginal discharge in women themselves and instead are made of whiteness as a light matter. Indeed, if not handled properly, whiteness can be fatal. Infertility and ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb) may be one result of the vaginal discharge, in addition to the initial symptoms of cervical cancer usually begins with this presence of whiteness. And of course, cervical cancer is a type of disease that is dangerous if not handled properly, will lead to death. So do not take lightly whitish. (Read: Whitish can cause sterility and Death)


Whitish will often teralami when a woman is pregnant, it is due to hormonal changes that occur and one effect of the hormonal enhancement is the increased fluid production and caused also by pregnant women vaginal acidity decreased, also due to digestive conditions change. This causes an increased risk of frequent occurrence keputhan in pregnant women, especially vaginal discharge caused by fungal infection.Type Discharge
Whitish divided into two types, namely the physiological and pathological.Whitish Physiological
This type of vaginal discharge usually frequent the fertile period, and the time before and after menstruation. Usually when these conditions are often contained excess mucus, it is a normal thing, and usually do not cause itching and odorless. Physiological whitish in pregnant women do not affect the fetus directly, because of the membranes that can protect the fetus.
Whitish physiological or too many so-called normal vaginal discharge have characteristics:

    
Whiteness aqueous fluid
    
Discharge creamy or clear
    
Discharge does not smell
    
Not cause itching
    
The amount of fluid that comes out relatively little
Whitish Pathological
Whitish pathological type is also known as an abnormal vaginal discharge. This type of vaginal discharge is included into the type of disease. Whitish pathology can cause a variety of effects and it can be very disturbing for women's health in general and especially the health of feminine area.
Whitish pathological result of the infection will lead to an increased risk of premature birth in pregnant women and infants will also become infected. Babies who are at risk of viral infection ganngguan digestive and respiratory disorders can cause a baby to death. And infants with infections due to bacteria can cause blindness in infants.
Whitish-ceiri pathologically characterized as follows:

    
Fluid is viscous
    
Discharge has a milky white color, or yellow or green also
    
Whitish pathological cause itching
    
Discharge has a bad odor
    
Usually leaves patches were seemingly in panties
    
The amount of fluid that comes out very much.
Cause Whitish
Poor hygiene factors. Cleanliness in the vagina darerah be maintained. If, on the vaginal area is not kept clean will cause
various diseases one keputhan. This causes vaginal moisture has increased and this makes the pathogenic bacteria causing the infection would be very easy to spread.


Stressed Out. All organ performance is influenced and controlled by the brain, so when the brain receptors undergo stress conditions this can lead to changes and hormonal balance in the body HORMONES and this can lead to a vaginal discharge.
The use of drugs. Antibitok drug use in the long term can cause the immune system to the female body, and antibiotics usually can cause vaginal discharge. While the disruption of hormonal balance can also be caused by use of birth
Discharge caused by fungi, parasites, bacteria and viruses
Fungus Monilia or Candidas. Characterized by having a milky white color, very fluid talents, very smelly not seda and cause itching around the vagina area. This can cause inflammation and redness of the vagina experience. Usually it is also triggered by the presence of diabetes, use of birth control pills, as well as the body which has a low resistance.Parasite Trichomonas vaginalis
Occurs and is transmitted through sexual contact, lip toilet or by toiletries. Characterized, highly viscous liquid that comes out, has a yellow or green, frothy and rancid. Vaginal discharge due to parasite does not cause itching, but if pressed pussy will hurtBacteria Gardnella
Vaginal discharge due to bacterial infection is characterized by gray-colored, slightly watery, have a smell ami and bubbly. Whitish this type can cause itching that is very disturbing.Virus
Whitish this type arise from venereal disease, seerti HIV / AIDS, herpes and conyloma. The emergence of warts that much and followed by smelling liquid indicates condyloma virus. Usually pregnant women are often infected by this virus. Virus that can be transmitted by sexual intercourse is the herpes virus. Characteristics sores blisters around the vaginal opening, hot and itchy. Cervical cancer is very dangerous for women can trigger by discharge caused by vaginal discharge due to a virus.Preventing Whitish

    
Always wash your sex organs. Bersihakan by using cleansers that do not cause the pH stability in your vaginal area. Use cleaning products made from milk. Products made from dairy ingredients to maintain pH balance also increase flora and unfriendly bacteria can be suppressed. The use of antiseptic soap is not good for the vagina in the long run, because it is hard agat.
    
Do not use powder or powder which aims to make sweet or dry vagina. Powder is very small and delicate, it is easily tucked away and can not terbersihkan, so that invites fungus in the vagina.
    
Dry your vagina always after a shower, or mencui cebok vagina before you get dressed
    
Wear underwear always dry. Always try to bring back to in case your underwear needs to be replaced
    
Use the outer pants that have pores enough, not too seirng using outer pants are tight, it can cause sirkluasi in feminine area disturbed.
    
Use pants in cotton, because cotton is able to absorb sweat.
    
When the menstrual period, often to you changing pads
    
Panty liners are used when it is necessary only agree, do not use too long.
    
If you are stressed, take time off or leave you, relax your mind the moment. Because stress can also spur whitish
    
Reduce to activities that make you very tired, hot and a lot of sweat, or if it is doing the activity, take a bath and wash your body, especially the pubic area.

Breast Cancer Treatment Without Surgery

Traditional treatment of breast cancer to be an alternative for you to suppress the growth of breast cancer cells. Although in need of medical attention to determine the extent of the development of cancer cells in your breast but this traditional treatment can accompany medical treatment in breast cancer.


Here is a plant that has a property for you in helping the treatment of breast cancer:
1. Leaves soursop
Traditional treatment of cancer with natural ingredients found not inferior to medical treatment, chemotherapy. Soursop leaves which turn out to have efficacy for breast cancer, the study was supported by research conducted in European countries. In fact, the researchers believe soursop leaves can treat breast cancer more than the power of chemotherapy. The content of soursop as acetogenins, muricapentocin, annocatacin, linoleic acid, annocatalin, gigantetroin and other compounds that turned out to have efficacy in treating some types of cancer, including breast cancer. You can create a way soursop leaf tea leaves 10 old soursop boiled in 3 cups of water and then leaving that to 1 cup and then you can drink 2 times each day.
2. Rosella
Roselle is useful to prevent cancer and inflammatory diseases, Moreover, it can help you in controlling blood pressure and others. Rosella flower itself contains vitamin C, vitamin D, B1 and B2. Rosella flower itself contains calcium which is so high around It also contains Magnesium, Omega 3, Vitamin A, Iron, Potassium, Beta Caroteen & Acid Essential. See abortion has seen so much benefit to be gained.
3. Skin Mangosteen
The content of the mangosteen fruit has anti-cancer, inhibit cancer cells in the breast. There xanthone content useful extraordinary for health especially for you in keeping kesehataan in helping to prevent breast cancer. The content of Xanthones can help expand the blood vessels so as to facilitate the circulation of your blood. In addition, the mangosteen fruit contains minerals and kaliaum that it can help the energy metabolism. In a further study was not only just but the content of antioxidant and anti-cancer agents in betel mangosteen xanthones able to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells. The resulting extract of mangosteen peel able to be antiproliferative that can inhibit the development of cancer cells, including breast cancer. And mangosteen peel extract is able to be apoptosis that is capable of destroying cancer cells.
4. Turmeric
Turmeric apparently has kandungajn curcumol that can help you fight against breast cancer. The way you can use white turmeric peeled then boiled in 4 cups of water to be 2 cups. Then taken regularly twice a day. Or you can mix 6 grams of saffron white with 10 grams of parasites tae add 5 grams and 5 grams of pearl grass hibiscus hedgehog and 3 grams of rodent tuber then boiled with 3-4 cups of water until the remaining 2 cups of water. Cool briefly before drinking.
5. Tread virgin
Contains 70 kinds of alkaloids that can help you in the treatment of breast cancer. You can boil 15 grams of leaves of vinca degan 3 cups water to a boil then take the water filter. You can drink it regularly, twice a day in the morning and evening. Or you can also mix 22 tapa virgin leaves, bark and fruit pulasari saffron fennel then boiled in 3 cups of water to boil. You can add brown sugar to taste. Do it 3 times a day each time at a dose of half a glass.

10 Powerful Steps to Prevent Breast Cancer

 
1. Maintain weight
Maintaining a healthy weight throughout your life is proven to maintain health. You can calculate the BMI or Body Mass Index by means of weight (in kilograms) divided by height in meters quadrant, has been shown to significantly if the increase in BMI (more than normal 25) will increase the risk of breast cancer. In addition, and an increase in BMI has been convincingly shown to increase the risk of post-menopausal breast cancer.
2. Avoid alcohol
The use of alcohol is the most established for breast cancer. Health studies show consuming more than one alcoholic drink a day can increase the risk of breast cancer as much as 20-25 percent.
3. Eat fruits and vegetablesEat seven or more servings of vegetables and fruit every day. Vegetables for breast cancer protection include all vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, brussels sprouts, cauliflower), greens (collards, kale, spinach), carrots and tomatoes. Fruits that have more content to prevent breast cancer is orange, berry and cherry. The best for you is by consuming raw or lightly cooked vegetables, because some phytochemicals believed to offer protection against breast cancer are destroyed by heat
4. Exercise regularly
Many studies have shown that regular exercise provides powerful protection against breast cancer. Do it for 30 minutes to perform moderate aerobic activity (brisk walking) on ​​a regular basis.
5. Reduce FatAre you fat right? This type of fat in your diet can affect the risk of breast cancer. Minimize consumption of omega-6 fats, saturated fats and trans fats. Maximize your intake of omega-3 fats, especially from oily fish (salmon, tuna, mackerel, sardines). Consume monounsaturated oils (olive oil, nuts / seeds, avocados) as your primary fat source, as these foods have potential anticancer properties. In particular, olive oil is a potential source of polyphenol antioxidants and nuts and seeds provide for cancer protective mineral, selenium.
6. Consumption of carbohydrates according servings
Is your carbs right? Minimize consumption of high glycemic index is white rice, white potatoes, sugar and products processed from rice, potatoes and sugar. These foods trigger hormonal changes that promote cell growth in breast tissue. Replace this your carbohydrates with whole grains and beans / legumes. Nuts for high fiber and lignan content are mainly specialized.
7. Consuming soy products
Regularly consume soy products such as tofu, tempeh and soy milk. Epidemiological studies have shown a positive association between soy consumption and breast cancer risk reduction.
8. Minimize exposure to pharmacologic estrogens and xeno-estrogens.
Do not take prescription estrogens unless medically indicated. Lifetime exposure to estrogen plays an important role in the development of breast cancer. Also avoid estrogen-like compounds found in environmental pollutants, such as pesticides and industrial chemicals. It is recommended to use organic products if you can not avoid it then wash the non-organic products correctly.
9. Think positive and do not smoke
Engage in self-nurturing behaviors regularly. Develop warm and mutually beneficial relationships with family and friends. Get enough sleep (7-8 hours per night). Research has shown that long-term smoking is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in some women.
10. Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding your baby until the right time. Women who breastfeed their babies for at least one year in total decreased risk of breast cancer.

How is lupus treated?

There is currently no cure for lupus, nor has there been a new drug to treat the disease in the last 50 years, although there are a number of new drugs currently being researched or in clinical trials. However, early diagnosis and proper medical treatment can significantly help control the disease and its symptoms. Treating lupus effectively consists of minimizing symptoms, reducing inflammation and pain, helping maintain normal function, and preventing serious complications.
Since the disease affects each person differently, treatments are usually tailored to the specific problems that arise in each person. Medications and dosages will also vary depending on the severity of the disease. 


When lupus presents with mild or moderate symptoms, the following medications are commonly used in treatment:
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, naproxen sodium (Aleve), and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others). Common side effects of NSAIDs include stomach bleeding and an increased risk of heart problems.
  • Antimalarial drugs such as Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil). There is no known relationship between lupus and malaria, but malaria medicines have been useful in treating lupus symptoms and haven prevented flares of the disease. Side effects include vision problems and muscle weakness.
  • Corticosteroids to counter inflammation. Serious long-term side effects include weight gain, easy bruising, osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes, and increased risk of infection. The risk of osteoporosis can be reduced by taking calcium and vitamin D supplements.

When lupus presents with severe or aggressive symptoms, the following treatments are commonly used:

  • High-dose corticosteroids. These may be taken intravenously or orally to control dangerous signs or symptoms of lupus. However, serious side effects have been observed such as infections, mood swings, hypertension and osteoporosis. Doctors tend to administer the lowest dose possible that will control symptoms, reducing the dosage over time.
  • Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and azathioprine (Imuran). These drugs suppress the immune system and may be helpful in serious lupus cases. They also carry a risk of serious side effects such as an increased risk of infection, liver damage, infertility and an increased risk of cancer.

Other common treatments for specific signs and symptoms of lupus include:

  • Staying out of the sun and wearing sun block to prevent skin rashes. Indoor fluorescent lighting can also trigger skin rashes in some people with lupus. Topical corticoid steroids may be used to treat skin rashes in addition to oral steroids and antimalarial drugs.
  • Medication to treat fatigue. Difficulty sleeping, depression and poorly controlled pain are all potential causes of fatigue, and doctors will treat these underlying causes. Medications such as corticosteroids and antimalarial drugs may be used if the cause of fatigue cannot be determined.
  • NSAIDs, antimalarial drugs or corticosteroids to treat swelling around the heart and lungs that causes chest pain.

In addition to medications, physicians recommend that lupus patients take good care of themselves. Patients may see a reduction in the frequency and severity of flares if they make healthy lifestyle choices such as:

  • Regular exercise.
  • Becoming educated about lupus.
  • Not smoking.
  • Eating a healthful, balanced diet.
  • Surrounding oneself with a support system of family, friends, and health professionals.
Recent developments on lupus diagnosis and treatment from MNT news
Yale University have reported the development of a nanogel-based delivery system that targets an immunosuppressive drug (mycophenolic acid) directly to tissues associated with immune cells. Their studies suggest that future nanogel-based therapies may prove useful in the treatment of lupus.
Researchers from the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) have discovered an immune protein influencing autoimmune diseases such as lupus. The researchers think a new mutation of the immune protein may help scientists develop more personalized autoimmune disease treatments.

How is lupus diagnosed?

As signs and symptoms vary considerably from person to person, there is no single diagnostic test that can confirm lupus. In addition, signs and symptoms tend to change over time and are similar to those of other disorders and diseases. These fluctuations in disease activity make lupus extremely challenging to diagnose.


Currently, doctors use guidelines established by The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) to diagnose lupus (SLE). The guidelines focus on eleven abnormalities that, when combined, suggest that the patient has lupus. To be classified as having SLE, a patient must meet 4 of the following 11 symptoms at any time since the onset of the disease:
  1. Serositis - inflammation of the membrane around the lungs (pleuritis) or the heart (pericarditis)
  2. Mucosal ulcers - small sores found in the lining of the mouth and nose
  3. Arthritis - nonerosive arthritis (tenderness, swelling, pain) of two or more peripheral joints
  4. Photosensitivity - skin rash or other symptoms caused by exposure to ultraviolet light
  5. Blood disorder - hemolytic anemia (low red blood cell count), leucopenia and lymphopenia (low white blood cell count), or thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
  6. Renal (kidney) disorder - high protein count in urine
  7. Antinuclear antibody test positive
  8. Immunologic disorder - positives on anti-Smith, anti-ds DNA, antiphospholipid antibody tests.
  9. Neurologic disorder - seizures or psychosis
  10. Malar rash - rash on cheeks
  11. Discoid rash - red, scaly patches on skin that cause scarring

In addition to the above tests, doctors will often conduct a variety of blood tests such as:

  • Complete blood count (CBC) to detect anemia, low platelet count, and low white blood cell count
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) to determine the rate at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of a tube in an hour. Rates faster than normal may indicate lupus or another systemic disease, inflammatory condition, or infection.
  • Kidney and liver assessment to look for certain enzymes and albumin
  • Urinalysis to measure protein levels or red blood cells in the urine
  • Syphilis test to determine if anti-phospholipid antibodies are in the blood.

What are the symptoms of Lupus?

Since no two cases of lupus are exactly alike, there is a wide range of symptoms that are known to affect many parts of the body. Sometimes symptoms develop slowly or appear suddenly; they can be mild, severe, temporary, or permanent. Most people with lupus experience symptoms in only a few organs, but more serious cases can lead to problems with kidneys, the heart, the lungs, blood, or the nervous system.

Lupus episodes, or flares, are usually noted by a worsening of some of the following symptoms:

  • Achy joints (arthralgia), arthritis, and swollen joints, especially in wrists, small joints of the hands, elbows, knees, and ankles
  • Swelling of the hands and feet due to kidney problems
  • Fever of more than 100 degrees F (38 degrees C)
  • Prolonged or extreme fatigue
  • Skin lesions or rashes, especially on the arms, hands, face, neck, or back
  • Butterfly-shaped rash (malar rash) across the cheeks and nose
  • Anemia (oxygen carrying deficiency of red blood cells)
  • Pain in the chest on deep breathing or shortness of breath
  • Sun or light sensitivity (photosensitivity)
  • Hair loss or alopecia
  • Abnormal blood clotting problems
  • Raynaud's phenomenon: fingers turn white and/or blue or red in the cold
  • Seizures
  • Mouth or nose ulcers
  • Weight loss or gain
  • Dry eyes
  • Easy bruising
  • Anxiety, depression, headaches, and memory loss

Lupus can also lead to complications in several areas of the body. These include:

  • Kidneys - serious kidney damage is a primary cause of death for lupus sufferers.
  • Central nervous system - lupus can cause headaches, dizziness, memory problems, seizures, and behavioral changes.
  • Blood and vessels - lupus causes an increased risk of anemia, bleeding, blood clotting, and vessel inflammation
  • Lungs - noninfectious pneumonia and difficulty breathing due to inflammation of the chest cavity are more likely with lupus
  • Heart - heart muscle and artery inflammation are more likely with the disease, and lupus increases the chances of cardiovascular disease and heart attacks.
  • Infection - lupus treatments tend to depress the immune system making your body more vulnerable to infection.
  • Cancer - lupus increases the risk of cancer, especially of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung cancer, and liver cancer
  • Bone tissue death - a lower blood supply to bone tissue leads to tiny breaks and eventual death of bone. This is most common in the hip bone.
  • Pregnancy - lupus increases the risk of miscarriage, hypertension during pregnancy, and preterm birth.